Remember that gerunds are nouns but participles have linking functions and can be all parts of speech except a noun.i

Deciding where to spend the holiday, I went to get a ticket.i         Participle

     Deciding where to spend the holiday is a difficult task.    Gerundi

Perfect participle (active)i

a) action 1 is completed before action 2

I had had dinner. I went to the movies.i

Having had dinner, I went to the movies.i

b) action 1 continues for a while before action 2 starts

I had been (was) my own boss for 5 years. I couldn't stand having another boss.i

Having been my own boss for 5 years, I couldn't stand having another boss.i

c) action 1 happens several times before action 2 starts

He had failed 3 times, He didn't want to try again.i

Having failed 3 times, he didn't want to try again.i

Absolute participle:  is a kind of participle in which there are two different subjects for two different parts of a sentense

The weather was fine. We went on a picnic.i

The weather being fine, we went on a picnic.i

Functions of past participle

a) to help form perfect tenses

He has worked hard

b) as a participle adjective

a rented room            an educated man               coloured eggs

c) with special verbs

c-1   causative have  :    We had the car fixed.i

c-2   after "find, keep , leave"i

We found the money hidden in the garden.i        یعنی مخفی کرده بودند

We found the man hidding in the garden.i     یعنی خودش مخفی می شد

c-3 After perceptive verbs:   see, hear, watch......i

There is a difference in meaning between present and past perfect participles after perceptive verbs.i

I saw her cooking lunch.i                 در حال انجام عمل دیده

I saw her cooked lunch.i          یعنی از اول تا آخر عمل رو دیده

d) as  a reduced adjective clause

The books which are published in Iran are cheaper.i

The books published in Iran are cheaper.i

Misrelated participle:  is the most troublesome participle because it is always wrong

How to correct a misrelated participle?i

a) by changing the voice of one part

        When using this car, the brakes should be checked.i         incorrect

When using this car, you should check the brakes.i     correct

b) by changing word order

Shining in the sky, we saw the first star.i       incorrect

We saw the first star shining in the sky.i     correct

In the first sentence "shining in the sky" is related to "we" and it is wrong.i

c) by using the full clause

Climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke.i     incorrect because eggs cannot climb down the tree

While he was climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke.i     correct

Participles can be used in passive voice ,too.i

When did the soldier go out of the battle field?i

Having been wounded by a bullet, he fell down and was carried out

Participles can be used in different ways but be sure that you use them in a correct way because changing the order of the words can cause incorrect sentences.i

Hearing that Juliet was dead, Romeo killed himself

Romeo killed himself, hearing that Juliet was dead

Romeo, hearing that Juliet was dead, killed himself

THINK ABOUT:i

How can you change the following sentence into a participle?i

His heads I win tails you lose attitude annoys me.i

Which part of the sentence is incorrect and what is the correct form?i

While watching from our window, the great ship entered the harbor, whistle blowing and crew cheering.i

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