i-What kind of cake tastes awful?i

i-A cake of soap!i

A cake is a baked sweet made from flour, eggs, and other ingredients. A bar of soap can also be reffered to as a cake of soap!i

a) Hi, Jane. Where are you off to?i

b) Oh, I'm going to the bakery to pick up a birthday cake for my son. How about you?i

a) I'm heading for the drugstore. I need a couple of cakes of soap, , and some asprin.i

 What kind of coat is made without buttons and is iwet when you first put it on?i

i-A coat of paint!i

A coat is  a piece of clothing that covers your clothes. A coat can also be a thin covering of some substance such as paint or dust all over a surface.i

a) Wow! I like the new color you're painting the living room!i

b) Thanks, but be careful. I just put on the first coat and it's still wet. Here, let me take your coat. I'll hang it up in the closet  and we'll get started painting the dinning room.i

-Why did the boy put his radio in the refrigrator?i

i-He wanted to hear cool music!i

Cool has two meanings. It can mean" somewhat cold". In everyday speech, cool also means "wonderful, exciting, great"i

a) Wow! What a great song!i

b) You said it! This station plays really cool music. I could listen for hours.i

a) Me too. Hey, tell you what, let me get us a nice, cool drink from the fridge, and we can just sit back and listen for a while.i

b) Cool !  Sounds like a great idea!

Remember that gerunds are nouns but participles have linking functions and can be all parts of speech except a noun.i

Deciding where to spend the holiday, I went to get a ticket.i         Participle

     Deciding where to spend the holiday is a difficult task.    Gerundi

Perfect participle (active)i

a) action 1 is completed before action 2

I had had dinner. I went to the movies.i

Having had dinner, I went to the movies.i

b) action 1 continues for a while before action 2 starts

I had been (was) my own boss for 5 years. I couldn't stand having another boss.i

Having been my own boss for 5 years, I couldn't stand having another boss.i

c) action 1 happens several times before action 2 starts

He had failed 3 times, He didn't want to try again.i

Having failed 3 times, he didn't want to try again.i

Absolute participle:  is a kind of participle in which there are two different subjects for two different parts of a sentense

The weather was fine. We went on a picnic.i

The weather being fine, we went on a picnic.i

Functions of past participle

a) to help form perfect tenses

He has worked hard

b) as a participle adjective

a rented room            an educated man               coloured eggs

c) with special verbs

c-1   causative have  :    We had the car fixed.i

c-2   after "find, keep , leave"i

We found the money hidden in the garden.i        یعنی مخفی کرده بودند

We found the man hidding in the garden.i     یعنی خودش مخفی می شد

c-3 After perceptive verbs:   see, hear, watch......i

There is a difference in meaning between present and past perfect participles after perceptive verbs.i

I saw her cooking lunch.i                 در حال انجام عمل دیده

I saw her cooked lunch.i          یعنی از اول تا آخر عمل رو دیده

d) as  a reduced adjective clause

The books which are published in Iran are cheaper.i

The books published in Iran are cheaper.i

Misrelated participle:  is the most troublesome participle because it is always wrong

How to correct a misrelated participle?i

a) by changing the voice of one part

        When using this car, the brakes should be checked.i         incorrect

When using this car, you should check the brakes.i     correct

b) by changing word order

Shining in the sky, we saw the first star.i       incorrect

We saw the first star shining in the sky.i     correct

In the first sentence "shining in the sky" is related to "we" and it is wrong.i

c) by using the full clause

Climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke.i     incorrect because eggs cannot climb down the tree

While he was climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke.i     correct

Participles can be used in passive voice ,too.i

When did the soldier go out of the battle field?i

Having been wounded by a bullet, he fell down and was carried out

Participles can be used in different ways but be sure that you use them in a correct way because changing the order of the words can cause incorrect sentences.i

Hearing that Juliet was dead, Romeo killed himself

Romeo killed himself, hearing that Juliet was dead

Romeo, hearing that Juliet was dead, killed himself

THINK ABOUT:i

How can you change the following sentence into a participle?i

His heads I win tails you lose attitude annoys me.i

Which part of the sentence is incorrect and what is the correct form?i

While watching from our window, the great ship entered the harbor, whistle blowing and crew cheering.i

A joke

i-Why did the student always take cold baths?i

i-Because he didn't want to get into hot water!i

When people are in hot water, it means that they are" in a lot of trouble."i

When Bill was late to meet his girlfriend, he knew he was going to be in hot water. when he got to the restaurant, she was sitting and drinking hot tea, and glaring at him very angrily.i

Clothes never make us the gentle person but the character makes, Success is permanent when we acheive it without destroying our character... i

In case / In case of

We use in case to express that we are doing something in preparation for something which might happen.i

Eg:  Take an umbrella in case it rains.i

We use in case of to say what we should do if or when something happens; also after in case of, there should be a noun!i

Eg: In case of fire, leave the building as quickly as possible!i

Athough / Even though

We use although or even though to express a contrast between two things.i

Eg:  Although he is much older than the others, he won the race.i

Even though he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.i

Even though and although can be used in the same way as despite the fact that and in spite of the fact that.i

Eg:  I enjoyed the holiday, even though it rained alot.i

I enjoyed the holiday, despite the fact that it rained alot.i

Last night, once more, you proved me your eternal love!  Just a look at your face can read your endeavors throughout your life!i

Your tired appearance is  a symbol of immence suffering,i

Your weak-light eyes is a symbol of your sleeplessness,i

and your white hair is a symbol of devoted life throughout your life.i

Still, with this much donation, you are always worried that Is there more you could have done?!i

The pure and unending kindness is easily transparent in your voice which reveals your heart words that reminds me whispering fairy-tales to my ears to sleep long ago in my childhood.i

Now, the years elapsed; yet, you are still the same.i

No change I see in you , the same eyes swelled with compassion, the same gaze that always  takes care of me and the same beam of shiny smile on your pale and wan face that soothes all of my disappointedness!!i

Indeed, is there nothing you can't do for us?!i

Now, looking for the most marvollous emotional words that can describe this great sacrifice, I'm speechless...1i

Trying to remember the most dreamy life memories and to whisper the most sweet life story with the most beautiful words in the holy life, what comes in my mind is the very precious word of " Mother".i

Indeed, whom you know that is devoted and patient?!i

Whom you know that writes the motto of faithfulness and kindness?!i

In fact, mother creates all the beauties and purities of life,i

Her love makes the life-myth rapturous,i

and it is HER love that fills creation's book of kindness.i

Mother!  YOU the paragon of love!i

Preciously I say that I love you that you gave the gift of life to me...i